Selokhu i-WHO imemezele ngokusemthethweni i-COVID-19 ngokuthi "ubhubhane" lomhlaba wonke ngoMashi 11, 2020, amazwe emhlabeni jikelele abheke ngazwi linye ukubulawa kwamagciwane njengomugqa wokuqala wokuzivikela ukuvikela ukubhebhetheka kwalolu bhubhane.Izikhungo zocwaningo lwesayensi ziya ngokuya ziba nesithakazelo esikhulu ekubulaweni kwe-ultraviolet (UV) kwelambu lokukhipha amagciwane: lobu buchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane budinga ukusebenza kancane kancane, akukhulisi ukumelana namagciwane, futhi kungenziwa ukude ngaphandle kwabantu abakhona.Ukulawula okuhlakaniphile nokusetshenziswa kulungele ikakhulukazi izindawo zomphakathi ezivaliwe ezinabantu abaningi, izikhathi zokuhlala ezinde nalapho kungenzeka khona ukuthelelana ngezifo.Sekuyinsakavukela yokuvimbela ubhubhane, ukuvala inzalo kanye nokubulala amagciwane.Ukuze sikhulume ngemvelaphi ye-ultraviolet inzalo kanye nezibani zokubulala amagciwane, kufanele siqale kancane ngokutholakala kokukhanya "i-ultraviolet".
Imisebe ye-Ultraviolet ilula nemvamisa engu-750THz kuya ku-30PHz ekukhanyeni kwelanga, ehambisana nobude begagasi obungu-400nm kuya ku-10nm ku-vacuum.Ukukhanya kwe-Ultraviolet kune-frequency ephezulu kunokukhanya okubonakalayo futhi akubonakali ngeso lenyama.Kudala abantu babengazi ukuthi ikhona.
Ritter (UJohann Wilhelm Ritter, (1776-1810)
Ngemva kokuba isazi sefiziksi saseBrithani u-Herschel ethole imisebe yokushisa engabonakali, imisebe ye-infrared, ngo-1800, ehambisana nomqondo we-physics wokuthi "izinto zinezinga elilinganayo", isazi sesayensi yemvelo saseJalimane nosokhemisi uJohann Wilhelm Ritter, ( 1776-1810), owatholwa ngo-1801 ukuthi kunokukhanya okungabonakali ngale kokuphela kwe-violet ye-spectrum ebonakalayo.Wathola ukuthi ingxenye engaphandle komkhawulo we-violet we-spectrum yokukhanya kwelanga yayikwazi ukwazisa amafilimu ezithombe ane-bromide esiliva, ngaleyo ndlela ithole ukuba khona kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet.Ngakho-ke, uRitter waziwa nangokuthi unguyise wokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet.
Imisebe ye-Ultraviolet ingahlukaniswa ibe yi-UVA (i-wavelength 400nm kuya ku-320nm, imvamisa ephansi kanye namagagasi amade), i-UVB (i-wavelength 320nm kuya ku-280nm, i-medium frequency ne-medium wave), i-UVC (i-wavelength 280nm kuya ku-100nm, imvamisa ephezulu kanye negagasi elifushane), i-EUV ( 100nm kuya ku-10nm, imvamisa ephezulu kakhulu) 4 uhlobo.
Ngo-1877, i-Downs kanye ne-Blunt yabika ngokokuqala ngqa ukuthi imisebe yelanga ingabulala amagciwane emithonjeni yezindaba yamasiko, okuphinde kwavula umnyango ocwaningweni nasekusetshenzisweni kokuvalwa kwe-ultraviolet nokubulala amagciwane.Ngo-1878, abantu bathola ukuthi imisebe ye-ultraviolet ekukhanyeni kwelanga inomphumela wokubulala amagciwane kanye nokubulala amagciwane.Ngo-1901 no-1906, abantu basungula i-mercury arc, umthombo wokukhanya we-ultraviolet wokwenziwa, namalambu e-quartz anezici ezingcono zokudlulisa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet.
Ngo-1960, indlela yokuvala inzalo ye-ultraviolet kanye nokubulala amagciwane yaqinisekiswa okokuqala.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lapho ama-microorganisms ekhanyisa ukukhanya kwe-ultraviolet, i-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) esengqamuzaneni yezinto eziphilayo imunca amandla e-ultraviolet photon, futhi indandatho ye-cyclobutyl yenza i-dimer phakathi kwamaqembu amabili aseduze e-thymine ochungechungeni olufanayo lwe-molecule ye-DNA.(i-thymine dimer).Ngemuva kokwakhiwa kwe-dimer, ukwakheka kwe-DNA ye-helix ephindwe kabili kuyathinteka, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-RNA primers kuzoma ku-dimer, futhi imisebenzi yokuphindaphinda nokubhala kwe-DNA iyavinjelwa.Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-radicals mahhala angakhiqizwa ngaphansi kwemisebe ye-ultraviolet, ebangela i-photoionization, ngaleyo ndlela ivimbele ama-microorganisms ukuthi aphindaphindeke futhi akhiqize.Amaseli azwela kakhulu ezithombeni ze-ultraviolet kumabhendi we-wavelength eduze kuka-220nm no-260nm, futhi angamunca kahle amandla e-photon kulawa mabhendi amabili, ngaleyo ndlela avimbele ukuphindaphinda kwe-DNA.Iningi lemisebe ye-ultraviolet enobude obungamaza angu-200nm noma emifushane imunca emoyeni, ngakho kunzima ukusabalala amabanga amade.Ngakho-ke, ubude begagasi bemisebe ye-ultraviolet yokuvala inzalo bugxile phakathi kuka-200nm no-300nm.Kodwa-ke, imisebe ye-ultraviolet emuncwe ngaphansi kuka-200nm izobolisa amangqamuzana omoya-mpilo emoyeni futhi ikhiqize i-ozone, ezoba neqhaza ekubulaleni inzalo nasekubulaleni amagciwane.
Inqubo yokukhanya ngokukhishwa okujabulisayo komhwamuko we-mercury yaziwa kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-19: umhwamuko uvalelwe eshubhu lengilazi, futhi i-voltage isetshenziswa kuma-electrode amabili ensimbi emikhawulweni yomibili yeshubhu, ngaleyo ndlela yakhe ishubhu lengilazi. "i-arc yokukhanya" ", okwenza isitimu sikhanye.Njengoba ukudluliselwa kwengilazi e-ultraviolet kwakuphansi kakhulu ngaleso sikhathi, imithombo yokukhanya ye-ultraviolet yokwenziwa yayingakatholakali.
Ngo-1904, uDkt. Richard Küch waseHeraeus eJalimane wasebenzisa ingilazi yequartz engenagwebu, ehlanzekile kakhulu ukuze akhe isibani sokuqala se-quartz ultraviolet mercury, i-Original Hanau® Höhensonne.Ngakho-ke u-Küch uthathwa njengomsunguli wesibani se-ultraviolet mercury kanye nengqalabutho ekusetshenzisweni kwemithombo yokukhanya eyenziwe ngemisebe yabantu ekwelapheni ukukhanya kwezokwelapha.
Kusukela isibani sokuqala se-quartz ultraviolet mercury savela ngo-1904, abantu baqala ukutadisha ukusetshenziswa kwaso emkhakheni wokuvala inzalo.Ngo-1907, izibani ezithuthukisiwe ze-quartz ultraviolet zathengiswa kabanzi njengomthombo wokukhanya wokwelashwa.Ngo-1910, e-Marseilles, eFrance, uhlelo lokubulala amagciwane e-ultraviolet lwaqala ukusetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni ukwelashwa kwamanzi emadolobheni, ngomthamo wokwelapha wansuku zonke we-200 m3/d.Cishe ngo-1920, abantu baqala ukufunda ngemisebe ye-ultraviolet emkhakheni wokubulala amagciwane emoyeni.Ngo-1936, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokuvala inzalo e-ultraviolet emakamelweni okuhlinza esibhedlela.Ngo-1937, izinhlelo zokuvala inzalo e-ultraviolet zaqala ukusetshenziswa ezikoleni ukulawula ukusabalala kwe-rubella.
Maphakathi nawo-1960, abantu baqala ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane e-ultraviolet ekuhlanzeni indle emadolobheni.Kusukela ngo-1965 kuya ku-1969, iKhomishini Yezinsiza Zamanzi yase-Ontario eCanada yenza ucwaningo nokuhlola ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane e-ultraviolet ekuhlanzeni indle yasemadolobheni kanye nomthelela wayo ekwamukeleni izikhungo zamanzi.Ngo-1975, iNorway yaqala ukukhipha amagciwane e-ultraviolet, esikhundleni sokukhipha amagciwane nge-chlorine ngemikhiqizo.Inani elikhulu lezifundo zakuqala zenziwa ngokusetshenziswa kwe-ultraviolet disinfection ekuhlanzeni indle yasemadolobheni.
Lokhu ikakhulukazi kwakungenxa yokuthi ososayensi ngaleso sikhathi baqaphela ukuthi i-chlorine esele ohlelweni olusetshenziswa kabanzi lwe-chlorination disinfection yayinobuthi ezinhlanzini nakwezinye izinto eziphilayo emanzini atholayo., futhi kwatholakala futhi kwaqinisekiswa ukuthi izindlela zokubulala amagciwane ngamakhemikhali ezifana nokubulala amagciwane nge-chlorine zingakhiqiza imikhiqizo yomdlavuza kanye ne-genetic aberration efana ne-trihalomethanes (THMs).Lokhu okutholakele kwashukumisela abantu ukuba bafune indlela engcono yokubulala amagciwane.Ngo-1982, inkampani yaseCanada yasungula uhlelo lokuqala lomhlaba oluvulekile lokubulala amagciwane e-ultraviolet.
Ngo-1998, i-Bolton yafakazela ukusebenza kokukhanya kwe-ultraviolet ekubhubhiseni i-protozoa, ngaleyo ndlela ikhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane e-ultraviolet kwezinye izindlela zokwelapha ezinkulu zokuphakelwa kwamanzi emadolobheni.Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi kuka-1998 no-1999, izimboni zokuphakela amanzi e-Vanhakaupunki nase-Pitkäkoski e-Helsinki, e-Finland, ngokulandelana kwazo zalungiswa futhi kwengezwa nezinhlelo zokubulala amagciwane nge-ultraviolet, nenani eliphelele lokwelapha elingaba ngu-12,000 m3/h;I-EL e-Edmonton, eCanada I-Smith Water Supply Plant nayo yafaka izikhungo zokubulala amagciwane e-ultraviolet cishe ngo-2002, enamandla okwelapha nsuku zonke angu-15,000 m3/h.
Ngomhla zingama-25 kuJulayi, i-2023, i-China yamemezela indinganiso kazwelonke "inombolo yesibani se-Ultraviolet germicidal standard GB 19258-2003".Igama lesiNgisi elijwayelekile lithi: Isibani se-Ultraviolet germicidal.Ngomhla zi-5 kuNovemba 2012, i-China yamemezela indinganiso kazwelonke ethi "Cold cathode ultraviolet germicidal lamps standard number GB/T 28795-2012".Igama lesiNgisi elijwayelekile lithi: Cold cathode ultraviolet germicidal lamps.Ngomhla zingama-29 kuZibandlela, 2022, i-China yamemezela "Amanani Alinganiselwe Amandla Kagesi kanye Nezinga Elijwayelekile Lokusebenza Kahle Kwenani lama-Ballasts Izibani Zokukhipha Igesi Zokukhanya Okujwayelekile: GB 17896-2022" izinga likazwelonke, igama elijwayelekile lesiNgisi: Amanani amancane avumelekile okusebenza kahle kwamandla namandla amamaki asebenza kahle ama-ballast ezibani ezikhipha igesi zokukhanyisa okuvamile azosetshenziswa ngoJanuwari 1, 2024.
Njengamanje, ubuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane e-ultraviolet sebuthuthuke baba ubuchwepheshe obuphephile, obuthembekile, obusebenzayo futhi obungangeni imvelo.Ubuchwepheshe bokubulala amagciwane nge-Ultraviolet kancane kancane bungena esikhundleni sezindlela zendabuko zokubulala amagciwane futhi buba ubuchwepheshe obujwayelekile bokubulala amagciwane okomile.Isetshenziswe kabanzi emikhakheni ehlukahlukene ekhaya nakwamanye amazwe, njengokwelashwa kwegesi engcolile, ukwelashwa kwamanzi, ukuvala inzalo ebusweni, ukuvala inzalo emoyeni, njll.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Dec-08-2023